ECOLOGY, TRADE, AND STATES IN PRE-COLONIAL AFRICA
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Ecology, Trade and States in Pre-colonial Africa
State capacity matters for growth. I test Bates’ explanation of pre-colonial African states. He argues that trade across ecological boundaries promoted states. I find that African societies in ecologically diverse environments had more centralized states. This is robust to reverse causation, omitted heterogeneity, and alternative interpretations of the link between diversity and states. Ecologi...
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Mining, as defined by Stocks and Down is the ‘removal of minerals from their natural geological environment and their transport to the point of processing or use1’. As so defined mining has, in one form or another, been providing essential raw materials for tens of thousands of years. Although metal ores were first mined in southern Africa (south of 15°S) approximately 2 000 years ago, minerals...
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Colonial institutions in Africa were shaped by a variety of factors, including local conditions prior to colonial rule, the policies of the imperial power, and rapid economic change during and after the period of colonial conquest. This paper contributes to a growing literature on the origins and structure of colonial institutions. It examines a neglected but important part of colonial governme...
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In intellect the women are inferior to the men, but this is doubtless attributable to the drudgery imposed on them. To feelings of self respect and sensitiveness under wrongs, characteristic of their more highly-favoured sisters in Christian lands, they are strangers. As a rule they patiently submit to their lot, unless tortured beyond endurance by despotic husbands; but their life at the best ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal of the European Economic Association
سال: 2014
ISSN: 1542-4766
DOI: 10.1111/jeea.12042